Kazakhstan External Debt to GNI
External debt stocks as % of GNI DT.DOD.DECT.GN.ZS
Kazakhstan's external debt to gni was 49.14% in 2025, ranked 45th globally. This represents a 21.5% decrease from 2024. Data from World Bank, covering 1993–2025.
Overview
Kazakhstan's external debt to gni stood at 49.14% in 2025, a decline of +13.47pp from 2024. Based on recent trends, this figure is projected to reach 49.14% by 2025. Kazakhstan ranked 45th globally.
Kazakhstan’s external debt-to‑GNI ratio has risen sharply from a low of 7.39% in 1993 to an all‑time peak of 134.85% in 2016, before retreating to 49.14% in 2025, placing it 45th in the world. The rapid expansion in the mid‑2010s reflected heavy borrowing to finance large‑scale infrastructure and energy projects, while the subsequent decline coincided with a combination of debt‑service reforms, higher commodity prices and a modest fiscal consolidation effort. At 49.14% the ratio is virtually identical to Colombia’s 49.17% and closely mirrors Cambodia’s 49.25%, suggesting that Kazakhstan now occupies a middle‑income debt profile comparable to several emerging markets. The 33‑year coverage of the series shows that the country has moved from a historically modest external liability base to a level that, while still high, is no longer at the extreme peaks of the past decade. Continued diversification of export revenues and prudent fiscal management could further moderate the debt‑to‑GNI trajectory in the coming years.
Data & projection
| Year | External Debt to GNI | YoY change | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2027* trend | 24.38% | - | - |
| 2026* trend | 36.76% | - | - |
| 2025* trend | 49.14% | - | - |
| 2025 | 49.14% | −13.47pp | #45 |
| 2024 | 62.60% | −10.30pp | #79 |
| 2023 | 72.90% | −11.89pp | #92 |
| 2022 | 84.79% | −15.48pp | #99 |
| 2021 | 100.27% | −10.55pp | #101 |
| 2020 | 110.82% | +3.45pp | #106 |
| 2019 | 107.37% | +4.90pp | #108 |
| 2018 | 102.47% | −7.22pp | #112 |
| 2017 | 109.69% | −25.16pp | #113 |
| 2016 | 134.85% | +44.47pp | #115 |
| 2015 | 90.38% | +9.75pp | #106 |
| 2014 | 80.63% | +8.82pp | #103 |
| 2013 | 71.81% | −3.70pp | #97 |
| 2012 | 75.51% | +0.10pp | #102 |
| 2011 | 75.41% | −17.19pp | #102 |
Detected Pattern
Analysis
Kazakhstan matched the Export Boom Cycle pattern in 2010. Historically, 71% of countries showing this pattern (546 out of 768) saw external debt to gni improve within 24 months. View full analysis →
Frequently Asked Questions
Kazakhstan's external debt to gni was 49.14% in 2025. Ranked 45th globally. This represents a 21.5% decrease from the previous year.
Kazakhstan's external debt to gni peaked at 134.85% in 2016.
The lowest external debt to gni in Kazakhstan was 7.39% in 1993.
Kazakhstan ranks 45th globally in external debt to gni as of 2025.
The World Bank indicator code is DT.DOD.DECT.GN.ZS. Data sourced from World Bank.
Kazakhstan's external debt to gni is projected to reach 49.14% by 2025 based on trend extrapolation.
The external debt to gni of Kazakhstan in 2025 was 49.14%. This ranks 45th in the world.
Cite this page
@misc{historysaid_kazakhstan_external-debt-to-gni,
title = {Kazakhstan External Debt to GNI},
url = {https://historysaid.com/kazakhstan/external-debt-to-gni/},
publisher = {HistorySaid},
year = {2026}
}