Home → Patterns → Fiscal Dominance Trap

Fiscal Dominance Trap

Government debt exceeding 80% of GDP with real interest rates negative and inflation above 10%. Monetary policy effectiveness impaired by fiscal pressures.
329 occurrences detected, 239 successful
Angola 2024
Inflation
28.2%
Real rate
-4.2%
Argentina 2024
Inflation
219.9%
Real rate
-47.4%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 2024
Inflation
28.3%
Real rate
-7.0%
South Sudan 2024
Inflation
91.4%
Real rate
-26.9%
Angola 2023
Inflation
13.6%
Real rate
-0.9%
Argentina 2023
Inflation
133.5%
Real rate
-17.3%
Burundi 2023
Inflation
26.9%
Real rate
-6.5%
Czechia 2023
Inflation
10.7%
Real rate
-3.6%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 2023
Inflation
33.9%
Real rate
-5.6%
Haiti 2023
Inflation
36.8%
Real rate
-13.2%
Kyrgyz Republic 2023
Inflation
10.8%
Real rate
-0.6%
Romania 2023
Inflation
10.4%
Real rate
-2.7%
Sierra Leone 2023
Inflation
47.6%
Real rate
-7.4%
São Tomé and Principe 2023
Inflation
21.3%
Real rate
-4.8%
Suriname 2023
Inflation
51.6%
Real rate
-14.2%
Argentina 2022
Inflation
72.4%
Real rate
-9.8%
24 mo later
219.9%
Azerbaijan 2022
Inflation
13.9%
Real rate
-16.5%
24 mo later
2.2%
Burundi 2022
Inflation
18.8%
Real rate
-2.8%
24 mo later
20.2%
Bulgaria 2022
Inflation
15.3%
Real rate
-10.5%
24 mo later
2.4%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2022
Inflation
14.0%
Real rate
-7.6%
24 mo later
1.7%
Belarus 2022
Inflation
15.2%
Real rate
-1.9%
24 mo later
5.8%
Botswana 2022
Inflation
11.7%
Real rate
-7.4%
24 mo later
2.8%
Czechia 2022
Inflation
15.1%
Real rate
-4.1%
24 mo later
2.4%
Haiti 2022
Inflation
34.0%
Real rate
-12.8%
24 mo later
26.9%
Hungary 2022
Inflation
14.6%
Real rate
-2.9%
24 mo later
3.7%
Jamaica 2022
Inflation
10.3%
Real rate
-1.1%
24 mo later
5.4%
Kyrgyz Republic 2022
Inflation
13.9%
Real rate
-0.8%
Moldova 2022
Inflation
28.7%
Real rate
-5.9%
24 mo later
4.7%
North Macedonia 2022
Inflation
14.2%
Real rate
-3.9%
24 mo later
3.5%
Montenegro 2022
Inflation
13.0%
Real rate
-5.7%
24 mo later
3.3%
Mauritius 2022
Inflation
10.8%
Real rate
-0.9%
24 mo later
3.6%
Romania 2022
Inflation
13.8%
Real rate
-3.8%
24 mo later
5.7%
Russian Federation 2022
Inflation
13.7%
Real rate
-5.7%
24 mo later
8.4%
Sierra Leone 2022
Inflation
27.2%
Real rate
-6.0%
24 mo later
28.6%
Suriname 2022
Inflation
52.4%
Real rate
-23.2%
24 mo later
16.2%
Tonga 2022
Inflation
11.0%
Real rate
-1.2%
24 mo later
3.2%
Ukraine 2022
Inflation
20.2%
Real rate
-12.1%
24 mo later
6.5%
Zimbabwe 2022
Inflation
104.7%
Real rate
-38.1%
Angola 2021
Inflation
25.8%
Real rate
-12.0%
24 mo later
13.6%
Argentina 2021
Inflation
48.4%
Real rate
-11.9%
24 mo later
133.5%
Haiti 2021
Inflation
16.8%
Real rate
-5.0%
24 mo later
36.8%
Nigeria 2021
Inflation
17.0%
Real rate
-1.0%
24 mo later
24.7%
South Sudan 2021
Inflation
10.5%
Real rate
-8.2%
24 mo later
2.4%
Suriname 2021
Inflation
59.1%
Real rate
-29.1%
24 mo later
51.6%
Zimbabwe 2021
Inflation
98.5%
Real rate
-30.3%
Argentina 2020
Inflation
42.0%
Real rate
-7.6%
24 mo later
72.4%
Haiti 2020
Inflation
22.8%
Real rate
-3.4%
24 mo later
34.0%
Suriname 2020
Inflation
34.9%
Real rate
-20.9%
24 mo later
52.4%
Zambia 2020
Inflation
15.7%
Real rate
-3.9%
24 mo later
11.0%
Zimbabwe 2020
Inflation
557.2%
Real rate
-80.6%
24 mo later
104.7%
Angola 2019
Inflation
17.1%
Real rate
-0.5%
24 mo later
25.8%
Haiti 2019
Inflation
18.7%
Real rate
-4.7%
24 mo later
16.8%
Nigeria 2019
Inflation
11.4%
Real rate
-25.8%
24 mo later
17.0%
South Sudan 2019
Inflation
87.2%
Real rate
-25.1%
24 mo later
10.5%
Zimbabwe 2019
Inflation
255.3%
Real rate
-76.6%
24 mo later
98.5%
Angola 2018
Inflation
19.6%
Real rate
-3.6%
24 mo later
22.3%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 2018
Inflation
14.4%
Real rate
-2.4%
24 mo later
5.0%
Sierra Leone 2018
Inflation
16.0%
Real rate
-0.1%
24 mo later
13.4%
South Sudan 2018
Inflation
83.5%
Real rate
-27.3%
24 mo later
29.7%
Uzbekistan 2018
Inflation
17.5%
Real rate
-4.7%
24 mo later
12.9%
Angola 2017
Inflation
29.8%
Real rate
-6.4%
24 mo later
17.1%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 2017
Inflation
29.5%
Real rate
-8.8%
24 mo later
9.2%
Haiti 2017
Inflation
10.7%
Real rate
-0.9%
24 mo later
18.7%
South Sudan 2017
Inflation
187.9%
Real rate
-77.6%
24 mo later
87.2%
Suriname 2017
Inflation
22.0%
Real rate
-10.7%
Ukraine 2017
Inflation
14.4%
Real rate
-4.7%
24 mo later
7.9%
Uzbekistan 2017
Inflation
13.9%
Real rate
-13.7%
24 mo later
14.5%
Angola 2016
Inflation
30.7%
Real rate
-4.2%
24 mo later
19.6%
Haiti 2016
Inflation
11.5%
Real rate
-2.1%
24 mo later
12.5%
South Sudan 2016
Inflation
380.0%
Real rate
-33.0%
24 mo later
83.5%
Suriname 2016
Inflation
55.4%
Real rate
-8.5%
South Sudan 2015
Inflation
52.8%
Real rate
-3.3%
24 mo later
187.9%
Ukraine 2015
Inflation
48.7%
Real rate
-12.3%
24 mo later
14.4%
Belarus 2013
Inflation
18.3%
Real rate
-1.8%
24 mo later
13.5%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2013
Inflation
36.6%
Real rate
-18.8%
24 mo later
12.5%
Timor-Leste 2013
Inflation
11.1%
Real rate
-3.6%
24 mo later
0.6%
Belarus 2012
Inflation
59.2%
Real rate
-31.8%
24 mo later
18.1%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2012
Inflation
27.3%
Real rate
-6.7%
24 mo later
16.6%
South Sudan 2012
Inflation
45.5%
Real rate
-23.5%
24 mo later
1.7%
Afghanistan 2011
Inflation
11.8%
Real rate
-1.2%
24 mo later
7.4%
Angola 2011
Inflation
13.5%
Real rate
-8.4%
24 mo later
8.8%
Belarus 2011
Inflation
53.2%
Real rate
-33.5%
24 mo later
18.3%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 2011
Inflation
10.1%
Real rate
-0.6%
24 mo later
9.5%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2011
Inflation
26.3%
Real rate
-16.8%
24 mo later
36.6%
Libya 2011
Inflation
15.5%
Real rate
-14.8%
24 mo later
2.6%
Maldives 2011
Inflation
11.3%
Real rate
-1.9%
24 mo later
3.8%
Pakistan 2011
Inflation
11.9%
Real rate
-1.7%
24 mo later
7.7%
Suriname 2011
Inflation
17.7%
Real rate
-1.8%
24 mo later
1.9%
Timor-Leste 2011
Inflation
13.5%
Real rate
-0.5%
24 mo later
11.1%
Viet Nam 2011
Inflation
18.7%
Real rate
-3.7%
24 mo later
6.6%
Angola 2010
Inflation
14.5%
Real rate
-4.8%
24 mo later
10.3%
India 2010
Inflation
12.0%
Real rate
-2.0%
24 mo later
9.5%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2010
Inflation
10.1%
Real rate
-3.4%
24 mo later
27.3%
Mongolia 2010
Inflation
10.0%
Real rate
-13.7%
24 mo later
14.3%
Trinidad and Tobago 2010
Inflation
10.5%
Real rate
-3.1%
24 mo later
9.3%
Seychelles 2009
Inflation
31.8%
Real rate
-10.0%
24 mo later
2.6%
Uganda 2009
Inflation
13.0%
Real rate
-34.7%
24 mo later
16.6%
Angola 2008
Inflation
12.5%
Real rate
-5.8%
24 mo later
14.5%
Azerbaijan 2008
Inflation
20.8%
Real rate
-6.4%
24 mo later
5.7%
Burundi 2008
Inflation
24.4%
Real rate
-6.2%
24 mo later
6.5%
Burkina Faso 2008
Inflation
10.7%
Real rate
-3.8%
24 mo later
-0.8%
Belarus 2008
Inflation
14.8%
Real rate
-10.4%
24 mo later
7.7%
Guinea-Bissau 2008
Inflation
10.5%
Real rate
-6.9%
24 mo later
2.5%
Indonesia 2008
Inflation
10.2%
Real rate
-3.9%
24 mo later
5.1%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2008
Inflation
25.4%
Real rate
-6.2%
24 mo later
10.1%
Iraq 2008
Inflation
12.7%
Real rate
-8.4%
24 mo later
2.9%
Jordan 2008
Inflation
14.0%
Real rate
-11.8%
24 mo later
4.8%
Kenya 2008
Inflation
26.2%
Real rate
-1.0%
24 mo later
4.0%
Kuwait 2008
Inflation
10.6%
Real rate
-9.3%
24 mo later
4.5%
Liberia 2008
Inflation
17.5%
Real rate
-2.5%
24 mo later
7.3%
Libya 2008
Inflation
10.4%
Real rate
-14.3%
24 mo later
2.8%
Lesotho 2008
Inflation
10.7%
Real rate
-0.5%
24 mo later
-2.4%
Maldives 2008
Inflation
12.0%
Real rate
-1.2%
24 mo later
6.1%
Mongolia 2008
Inflation
28.0%
Real rate
-0.7%
24 mo later
10.0%
Niger 2008
Inflation
11.3%
Real rate
-4.7%
24 mo later
0.8%
Nicaragua 2008
Inflation
19.8%
Real rate
-2.6%
24 mo later
5.5%
Oman 2008
Inflation
12.4%
Real rate
-19.5%
24 mo later
3.3%
Papua New Guinea 2008
Inflation
10.8%
Real rate
-2.2%
24 mo later
6.0%
Qatar 2008
Inflation
15.1%
Real rate
-13.1%
24 mo later
-2.4%
Russian Federation 2008
Inflation
14.1%
Real rate
-4.9%
24 mo later
6.8%
Serbia 2008
Inflation
12.4%
Real rate
-3.2%
24 mo later
6.1%
Suriname 2008
Inflation
14.7%
Real rate
-2.9%
24 mo later
6.9%
Seychelles 2008
Inflation
37.0%
Real rate
-15.2%
24 mo later
-2.4%
Tajikistan 2008
Inflation
20.5%
Real rate
-3.6%
24 mo later
6.4%
Trinidad and Tobago 2008
Inflation
12.0%
Real rate
-9.2%
24 mo later
10.5%
Tanzania 2008
Inflation
10.3%
Real rate
-1.2%
24 mo later
6.2%
Ukraine 2008
Inflation
25.2%
Real rate
-8.9%
24 mo later
9.4%
Viet Nam 2008
Inflation
23.1%
Real rate
-5.6%
24 mo later
9.2%
Yemen, Republic of 2008
Inflation
19.0%
Real rate
-2.0%
24 mo later
11.2%
Azerbaijan 2007
Inflation
16.7%
Real rate
-1.2%
24 mo later
1.5%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2007
Inflation
17.3%
Real rate
-8.9%
24 mo later
13.6%
Myanmar 2007
Inflation
35.0%
Real rate
-2.2%
24 mo later
1.5%
Qatar 2007
Inflation
13.8%
Real rate
-3.2%
24 mo later
-4.9%
Tajikistan 2007
Inflation
13.1%
Real rate
-3.4%
24 mo later
6.4%
Ukraine 2007
Inflation
12.8%
Real rate
-7.3%
24 mo later
15.9%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2006
Inflation
10.0%
Real rate
-0.5%
24 mo later
25.4%
Iraq 2006
Inflation
53.2%
Real rate
-7.1%
24 mo later
12.7%
Kenya 2006
Inflation
14.5%
Real rate
-8.0%
24 mo later
26.2%
Myanmar 2006
Inflation
20.0%
Real rate
-1.2%
24 mo later
26.8%
Qatar 2006
Inflation
11.8%
Real rate
-1.1%
24 mo later
15.1%
Solomon Islands 2006
Inflation
11.2%
Real rate
-0.2%
24 mo later
17.3%
Serbia 2006
Inflation
11.7%
Real rate
-7.7%
24 mo later
12.4%
Suriname 2006
Inflation
11.3%
Real rate
-16.8%
24 mo later
14.7%
Burundi 2005
Inflation
13.3%
Real rate
-0.3%
24 mo later
8.4%
Belarus 2005
Inflation
10.3%
Real rate
-6.4%
24 mo later
8.4%
Indonesia 2005
Inflation
10.5%
Real rate
-0.2%
24 mo later
6.4%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2005
Inflation
13.4%
Real rate
-3.5%
24 mo later
17.3%
Iraq 2005
Inflation
37.0%
Real rate
-16.5%
24 mo later
-10.1%
Nigeria 2005
Inflation
17.9%
Real rate
-1.6%
24 mo later
5.4%
Russian Federation 2005
Inflation
12.7%
Real rate
-7.2%
24 mo later
9.0%
Serbia 2005
Inflation
16.1%
Real rate
-9.1%
24 mo later
6.4%
Ukraine 2005
Inflation
13.6%
Real rate
-6.4%
24 mo later
12.8%
Yemen, Republic of 2005
Inflation
11.8%
Real rate
-0.4%
24 mo later
7.9%
Belarus 2004
Inflation
18.1%
Real rate
-4.7%
24 mo later
7.0%
Dominican Republic 2004
Inflation
51.5%
Real rate
-8.6%
24 mo later
7.6%
Gambia, The 2004
Inflation
14.2%
Real rate
-29.7%
24 mo later
2.1%
Iran, Islamic Republic of 2004
Inflation
14.8%
Real rate
-6.5%
24 mo later
10.0%
Iraq 2004
Inflation
27.0%
Real rate
-3.4%
24 mo later
53.2%
Nigeria 2004
Inflation
15.0%
Real rate
-2.6%
24 mo later
8.2%
Russian Federation 2004
Inflation
10.9%
Real rate
-7.3%
24 mo later
9.7%
Serbia 2004
Inflation
11.0%
Real rate
-4.3%
24 mo later
11.7%
Belarus 2003
Inflation
28.4%
Real rate
-5.1%
24 mo later
10.3%
Dominican Republic 2003
Inflation
27.4%
Real rate
-1.6%
24 mo later
4.2%
Myanmar 2003
Inflation
36.6%
Real rate
-1.7%
24 mo later
9.4%
Russian Federation 2003
Inflation
13.7%
Real rate
-0.6%
24 mo later
12.7%
Suriname 2003
Inflation
23.0%
Real rate
-0.2%
24 mo later
9.9%
Tajikistan 2003
Inflation
16.3%
Real rate
-8.2%
24 mo later
7.1%
Angola 2002
Inflation
108.9%
Real rate
-41.3%
24 mo later
43.5%
Belarus 2002
Inflation
42.5%
Real rate
-5.5%
24 mo later
18.1%
Myanmar 2002
Inflation
57.1%
Real rate
-16.3%
24 mo later
4.5%
Malawi 2002
Inflation
14.7%
Real rate
-29.2%
24 mo later
11.4%
Solomon Islands 2002
Inflation
10.9%
Real rate
-1.1%
24 mo later
7.0%
Serbia 2002
Inflation
19.5%
Real rate
-13.3%
24 mo later
11.0%
Suriname 2002
Inflation
15.5%
Real rate
-11.1%
24 mo later
10.0%
Tajikistan 2002
Inflation
12.2%
Real rate
-3.9%
24 mo later
7.1%
Angola 2001
Inflation
152.6%
Real rate
-5.0%
24 mo later
98.2%
Belarus 2001
Inflation
61.1%
Real rate
-18.1%
24 mo later
28.4%
Myanmar 2001
Inflation
21.1%
Real rate
-5.1%
24 mo later
36.6%
Serbia 2001
Inflation
95.0%
Real rate
-24.6%
24 mo later
9.9%
Suriname 2001
Inflation
38.6%
Real rate
-9.9%
24 mo later
23.0%
Angola 2000
Inflation
325.0%
Real rate
-60.8%
24 mo later
108.9%
Burundi 2000
Inflation
24.4%
Real rate
-16.7%
24 mo later
-1.4%
Belarus 2000
Inflation
168.6%
Real rate
-41.2%
24 mo later
42.5%
Russian Federation 2000
Inflation
20.8%
Real rate
-9.6%
24 mo later
15.8%
Serbia 2000
Inflation
71.1%
Real rate
-0.3%
24 mo later
19.5%
Suriname 2000
Inflation
59.4%
Real rate
-19.7%
24 mo later
15.5%
Eswatini 2000
Inflation
12.2%
Real rate
-6.9%
24 mo later
12.0%
Angola 1999
Inflation
248.2%
Real rate
-72.6%
24 mo later
152.6%
Belarus 1999
Inflation
293.7%
Real rate
-63.8%
24 mo later
61.1%
Lao PDR 1999
Inflation
125.3%
Real rate
-42.1%
24 mo later
7.8%
Moldova 1999
Inflation
39.3%
Real rate
-3.0%
24 mo later
9.8%
Myanmar 1999
Inflation
18.4%
Real rate
-2.3%
24 mo later
21.1%
Russian Federation 1999
Inflation
85.7%
Real rate
-19.0%
24 mo later
21.5%
Serbia 1999
Inflation
42.5%
Real rate
-19.8%
24 mo later
95.0%
Suriname 1999
Inflation
98.8%
Real rate
-26.8%
24 mo later
38.6%
Bulgaria 1998
Inflation
18.7%
Real rate
-14.8%
24 mo later
10.3%
Belarus 1998
Inflation
72.9%
Real rate
-28.1%
24 mo later
168.6%
Indonesia 1998
Inflation
58.5%
Real rate
-24.6%
24 mo later
3.7%
Lao PDR 1998
Inflation
91.0%
Real rate
-29.9%
24 mo later
25.1%
Myanmar 1998
Inflation
51.5%
Real rate
-11.4%
24 mo later
-0.1%
Serbia 1998
Inflation
30.2%
Real rate
-6.8%
24 mo later
71.1%
Angola 1997
Inflation
219.2%
Real rate
-29.5%
24 mo later
248.2%
Bulgaria 1997
Inflation
1058.4%
Real rate
-69.1%
24 mo later
2.6%
Belarus 1997
Inflation
63.9%
Real rate
-23.2%
24 mo later
293.7%
Myanmar 1997
Inflation
29.7%
Real rate
-10.1%
24 mo later
18.4%
Romania 1997
Inflation
154.8%
Real rate
-26.7%
24 mo later
45.8%
Angola 1996
Inflation
4145.1%
Real rate
-93.5%
24 mo later
107.3%
Botswana 1996
Inflation
10.1%
Real rate
-1.4%
24 mo later
6.7%
Algeria 1996
Inflation
18.7%
Real rate
-4.0%
24 mo later
5.0%
Myanmar 1996
Inflation
16.3%
Real rate
-2.2%
24 mo later
51.5%
Malawi 1996
Inflation
37.6%
Real rate
-4.6%
24 mo later
29.7%
Nigeria 1996
Inflation
29.3%
Real rate
-5.3%
24 mo later
10.0%
Yemen, Republic of 1996
Inflation
30.7%
Real rate
-3.9%
24 mo later
6.0%
Angola 1995
Inflation
2666.5%
Real rate
-84.1%
24 mo later
219.2%
Armenia 1995
Inflation
176.0%
Real rate
-24.9%
24 mo later
14.0%
Burundi 1995
Inflation
19.3%
Real rate
-0.7%
24 mo later
31.1%
Bulgaria 1995
Inflation
62.1%
Real rate
-24.0%
24 mo later
1058.4%
Belarus 1995
Inflation
709.3%
Real rate
-63.9%
24 mo later
63.9%
China 1995
Inflation
16.8%
Real rate
-1.4%
24 mo later
2.8%
Algeria 1995
Inflation
29.8%
Real rate
-7.9%
24 mo later
5.7%
Haiti 1995
Inflation
27.6%
Real rate
-2.6%
24 mo later
20.6%
Madagascar 1995
Inflation
49.1%
Real rate
-9.6%
24 mo later
4.5%
Malawi 1995
Inflation
83.3%
Real rate
-16.9%
24 mo later
9.1%
Nigeria 1995
Inflation
72.8%
Real rate
-31.5%
24 mo later
8.5%
Papua New Guinea 1995
Inflation
17.3%
Real rate
-2.3%
24 mo later
4.0%
Suriname 1995
Inflation
235.6%
Real rate
-62.8%
24 mo later
7.1%
Ukraine 1995
Inflation
376.7%
Real rate
-56.8%
24 mo later
15.9%
Albania 1994
Inflation
22.6%
Real rate
-9.0%
24 mo later
12.7%
Belarus 1994
Inflation
2221.0%
Real rate
-87.9%
24 mo later
52.7%
China 1994
Inflation
24.3%
Real rate
-8.0%
24 mo later
8.3%
Croatia 1994
Inflation
107.3%
Real rate
-42.0%
24 mo later
4.3%
Haiti 1994
Inflation
39.3%
Real rate
-29.5%
24 mo later
20.6%
Madagascar 1994
Inflation
38.9%
Real rate
-7.7%
24 mo later
19.8%
Myanmar 1994
Inflation
24.1%
Real rate
-1.5%
24 mo later
16.3%
Nigeria 1994
Inflation
57.0%
Real rate
-15.9%
24 mo later
29.3%
Romania 1994
Inflation
136.8%
Real rate
-20.3%
24 mo later
38.8%
Solomon Islands 1994
Inflation
13.3%
Real rate
-10.5%
24 mo later
11.8%
Suriname 1994
Inflation
368.5%
Real rate
-78.6%
24 mo later
-0.7%
Ukraine 1994
Inflation
891.2%
Real rate
-66.7%
24 mo later
80.3%
Zambia 1994
Inflation
54.6%
Real rate
-5.6%
24 mo later
43.1%
Albania 1993
Inflation
85.0%
Real rate
-42.6%
24 mo later
7.8%
Belarus 1993
Inflation
1190.2%
Real rate
-85.2%
24 mo later
709.3%
China 1993
Inflation
14.6%
Real rate
-3.7%
24 mo later
16.8%
Czechia 1993
Inflation
20.8%
Real rate
-5.7%
24 mo later
9.0%
Croatia 1993
Inflation
1500.0%
Real rate
-1.5%
24 mo later
4.0%
Jamaica 1993
Inflation
22.1%
Real rate
-6.0%
24 mo later
19.9%
Nigeria 1993
Inflation
57.2%
Real rate
-7.1%
24 mo later
72.8%
Romania 1993
Inflation
255.2%
Real rate
-43.1%
24 mo later
32.2%
Suriname 1993
Inflation
143.5%
Real rate
-57.5%
24 mo later
235.6%
Eswatini 1993
Inflation
12.0%
Real rate
-2.6%
24 mo later
12.3%
Ukraine 1993
Inflation
4734.9%
Real rate
-91.7%
24 mo later
376.7%
Zambia 1993
Inflation
183.3%
Real rate
-12.5%
24 mo later
34.9%
Albania 1992
Inflation
226.0%
Real rate
-63.8%
24 mo later
22.6%
Jamaica 1992
Inflation
77.3%
Real rate
-9.5%
24 mo later
35.1%
Nigeria 1992
Inflation
44.6%
Real rate
-15.0%
24 mo later
57.0%
Suriname 1992
Inflation
43.7%
Real rate
-19.3%
24 mo later
368.5%
Zambia 1992
Inflation
165.7%
Real rate
-41.8%
24 mo later
54.6%
Costa Rica 1991
Inflation
28.7%
Real rate
-15.7%
24 mo later
9.8%
Dominican Republic 1991
Inflation
47.1%
Real rate
-33.4%
24 mo later
5.3%
Hungary 1991
Inflation
34.8%
Real rate
-0.4%
24 mo later
22.5%
Jamaica 1991
Inflation
51.1%
Real rate
-8.6%
24 mo later
22.1%
Suriname 1991
Inflation
26.0%
Real rate
-3.1%
24 mo later
143.5%
Zambia 1991
Inflation
97.6%
Real rate
-25.8%
24 mo later
183.3%
Colombia 1990
Inflation
29.2%
Real rate
-5.1%
24 mo later
27.0%
Peru 1990
Inflation
7481.7%
Real rate
-31.5%
24 mo later
73.5%
Suriname 1990
Inflation
21.7%
Real rate
-27.5%
24 mo later
43.7%
Eswatini 1990
Inflation
13.1%
Real rate
-12.2%
24 mo later
7.6%
Trinidad and Tobago 1990
Inflation
11.1%
Real rate
-2.3%
24 mo later
6.4%
Zambia 1990
Inflation
107.0%
Real rate
-34.5%
24 mo later
165.7%
Burundi 1989
Inflation
11.7%
Real rate
-2.4%
24 mo later
9.0%
Botswana 1989
Inflation
11.6%
Real rate
-5.3%
24 mo later
11.8%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 1989
Inflation
21.3%
Real rate
-0.7%
24 mo later
19.7%
Nigeria 1989
Inflation
50.5%
Real rate
-6.6%
24 mo later
13.0%
Peru 1989
Inflation
3398.7%
Real rate
-45.6%
24 mo later
409.5%
Zambia 1989
Inflation
123.4%
Real rate
-34.5%
24 mo later
97.6%
China 1988
Inflation
18.8%
Real rate
-2.8%
24 mo later
3.1%
Lesotho 1988
Inflation
11.5%
Real rate
-5.3%
24 mo later
11.6%
Malawi 1988
Inflation
33.9%
Real rate
-6.7%
24 mo later
11.8%
Nigeria 1988
Inflation
54.5%
Real rate
-3.0%
24 mo later
7.4%
Peru 1988
Inflation
667.0%
Real rate
-62.8%
24 mo later
7481.7%
Eswatini 1988
Inflation
20.4%
Real rate
-8.8%
24 mo later
13.1%
South Africa 1988
Inflation
12.8%
Real rate
-0.1%
24 mo later
14.3%
Zambia 1988
Inflation
51.0%
Real rate
-12.0%
24 mo later
107.0%
Lesotho 1987
Inflation
11.8%
Real rate
-0.5%
24 mo later
14.7%
Nigeria 1987
Inflation
11.3%
Real rate
-4.8%
24 mo later
50.5%
Peru 1987
Inflation
85.8%
Real rate
-29.0%
24 mo later
3398.7%
South Africa 1987
Inflation
16.2%
Real rate
-2.0%
24 mo later
14.7%
Zambia 1987
Inflation
47.0%
Real rate
-25.2%
24 mo later
123.4%
Botswana 1986
Inflation
10.0%
Real rate
-2.7%
24 mo later
8.4%
Gambia, The 1986
Inflation
56.6%
Real rate
-8.9%
24 mo later
11.7%
Iceland 1986
Inflation
22.1%
Real rate
-4.7%
24 mo later
25.7%
Lesotho 1986
Inflation
18.0%
Real rate
-2.4%
24 mo later
11.5%
Peru 1986
Inflation
77.9%
Real rate
-19.1%
24 mo later
667.0%
South Africa 1986
Inflation
18.7%
Real rate
-2.0%
24 mo later
12.8%
Zambia 1986
Inflation
55.8%
Real rate
-30.0%
24 mo later
51.0%
Chile 1985
Inflation
30.7%
Real rate
-1.3%
24 mo later
19.9%
Gambia, The 1985
Inflation
18.3%
Real rate
-17.9%
24 mo later
23.5%
Jamaica 1985
Inflation
25.7%
Real rate
-2.8%
24 mo later
6.7%
Peru 1985
Inflation
163.4%
Real rate
-39.3%
24 mo later
85.8%
Burundi 1984
Inflation
14.3%
Real rate
-4.5%
24 mo later
1.7%
Iceland 1984
Inflation
30.9%
Real rate
-3.2%
24 mo later
22.1%
Jamaica 1984
Inflation
27.8%
Real rate
-12.8%
24 mo later
15.1%
Philippines 1984
Inflation
50.3%
Real rate
-16.2%
24 mo later
1.1%
Costa Rica 1983
Inflation
32.6%
Real rate
-4.4%
24 mo later
15.1%
Iceland 1983
Inflation
84.0%
Real rate
-19.5%
24 mo later
32.0%
Nigeria 1983
Inflation
23.2%
Real rate
-8.0%
24 mo later
7.4%
South Africa 1983
Inflation
12.3%
Real rate
-0.3%
24 mo later
16.3%
Costa Rica 1982
Inflation
90.1%
Real rate
-32.1%
24 mo later
11.9%
Egypt, Arab Republic of 1982
Inflation
14.8%
Real rate
-7.8%
24 mo later
17.0%
Iceland 1982
Inflation
50.2%
Real rate
-4.3%
24 mo later
30.9%
Solomon Islands 1982
Inflation
13.0%
Real rate
-2.1%
24 mo later
11.0%
Trinidad and Tobago 1982
Inflation
11.6%
Real rate
-0.6%
24 mo later
13.3%
Bahamas, The 1981
Inflation
11.1%
Real rate
-5.7%
24 mo later
4.0%
Barbados 1981
Inflation
14.6%
Real rate
-0.7%
24 mo later
5.2%
St. Kitts and Nevis 1981
Inflation
10.5%
Real rate
-6.7%
24 mo later
2.3%
Libya 1981
Inflation
11.2%
Real rate
-2.6%
24 mo later
10.6%
Nigeria 1981
Inflation
20.8%
Real rate
-65.9%
24 mo later
23.2%
Solomon Islands 1981
Inflation
16.4%
Real rate
-3.7%
24 mo later
6.2%
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1981
Inflation
12.7%
Real rate
-8.1%
24 mo later
5.5%
Australia 1980
Inflation
10.1%
Real rate
-0.0%
24 mo later
11.4%
Botswana 1980
Inflation
13.6%
Real rate
-1.6%
24 mo later
11.1%
United Kingdom 1980
Inflation
18.0%
Real rate
-3.0%
24 mo later
8.6%
Jamaica 1980
Inflation
27.3%
Real rate
-2.2%
24 mo later
6.5%
Lesotho 1980
Inflation
16.3%
Real rate
-21.5%
24 mo later
12.1%
Mauritius 1980
Inflation
42.0%
Real rate
-11.7%
24 mo later
11.4%
Philippines 1980
Inflation
18.2%
Real rate
-0.2%
24 mo later
10.2%
Trinidad and Tobago 1980
Inflation
17.5%
Real rate
-10.4%
24 mo later
11.6%
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 1980
Inflation
17.2%
Real rate
-3.6%
24 mo later
7.2%
South Africa 1980
Inflation
13.7%
Real rate
-11.0%
24 mo later
14.6%
Related
Orthodox Tightening Cycle Currency Crisis Pattern Export Boom Cycle Stagflation Risk Insights